We first studied the non-specific effects of planned seasonal influenza vaccines on breath metabolites in healthy subjects after receiving the immunization. In this pilot study, we characterized the metabolic composition of human breath for an early diagnosis and differentiation of influenza viral infection, as well as other types of upper respiratory viral infections. Respiratory viral infections are considered a major public health threat, and breath metabolomics can provide new ways to detect and understand how specific viruses affect the human pulmonary system. for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States) Sponsoring Org.: USDOE Office of Science (SC) OSTI Identifier: 1624411 Grant/Contract Number: SC0014664 Resource Type: Accepted Manuscript Journal Name: Scientific Reports Additional Journal Information: Journal Volume: 8 Journal Issue: 1 Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: United States Language: English Subject: 59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Science & Technology - Other = , Publication Date: Wed Aug 15 00:00: Research Org.: Oak Ridge Inst. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States).New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY (United States).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO (United States).These data provide proof-of-concept for use of urine metabolites as biomarkers for diagnostic classifcation of ELD. Linear discriminant analyses demonstrated that individual metabolic biosignatures can correctly discriminate ELD from the other patient groups with accuracies of 71 to 100%.

Pathway analyses and metabolite identifcation revealed the dysregulation of several metabolic processes in ELD as compared to healthy controls or mononucleosis, including metabolism of tryptophan. Metabolic biosignatures for ELD versus healthy controls and ELD versus infectious mononucleosis were generated using untargeted metabolomics. In this study, metabolomics approaches were applied to evaluate small molecule metabolites in urine from patients with ELD (n=14), infectious mononucleosis (n=14) and healthy controls (n=14). However, few studies have explored urine for biomarkers of ELD. Urine represents an easily obtained clinical sample that can be applied for diagnostic purposes. Metabolites detectible in human biofuids are attractive biomarkers for the diagnosis of early Lyme disease (ELD), a vector-borne infectious disease.

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